📘 Metabolic Pathways (2026–2027 Edition)

Metabolic Pathways (2026–2027 Edition) is a comprehensive & concept-focused resource designed for advanced learning in biochemistry, metabolism, bioenergetics, & molecular life sciences. This book presents a detailed & integrated understanding of metabolic reactions, energy transformations, enzymatic regulation, & pathway coordination in living systems.

The content emphasizes core biochemical principles, regulatory mechanisms making it suitable for conceptual clarity, exam preparation, & advanced study. It connects classical metabolic pathways with modern applications in health, disease, biotechnology, & systems biology.

🔋 Unit 1: Introduction to Metabolism & Bioenergetics
• Overview of metabolism: catabolism, anabolism, amphibolic pathways
• Thermodynamic principles in biological systems
• Gibbs free energy & reaction spontaneity
• ATP structure, synthesis, & energy coupling
• Role of NAD⁺, NADH, FAD, & coenzyme A
• Redox reactions & biological oxidation
• High-energy intermediates & coupled reactions

🧬 Unit 2: Enzyme Principles & Regulation
• Enzyme classification & nomenclature
• Structure–function relationships
• Mechanisms of enzyme catalysis
• Enzyme kinetics & Michaelis–Menten theory
• Enzyme inhibition types
• Allosteric regulation & cooperativity
• Covalent modification & feedback inhibition
• Hormonal regulation of enzymes

🍞 Unit 3: Carbohydrate Catabolism
• Glycolysis pathway & energetics
• Regulation of glycolysis
• Fermentation pathways
• Gluconeogenesis & Cori cycle
• Glycogen structure & metabolism
• Glycogenesis & glycogenolysis
• Glycogen storage diseases

🧪 Unit 4: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
• Oxidative & non-oxidative phases
• NADPH generation & antioxidant role
• Sugar interconversion reactions
• Transketolase & transaldolase
• G6PD deficiency & clinical relevance
• Link between PPP & glycolysis

⚡ Unit 5: TCA Cycle & Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
• TCA cycle reactions & regulation
• Anaplerotic reactions
• Electron transport chain organization
• Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis
• Inhibitors, uncouplers, & ROS

🧈 Unit 6: Lipid Metabolism
• Lipid digestion & transport
• Fatty acid activation & β-oxidation
• Ketone body metabolism
• Fatty acid biosynthesis
• Regulation of lipid metabolism
• Cholesterol biosynthesis
• Lipoprotein metabolism & disorders

🧠 Unit 7: Amino Acid & Nitrogen Metabolism
• Amino acid classification
• Transamination & deamination
• Ammonia detoxification
• Urea cycle regulation
• Glucogenic & ketogenic amino acids
• One-carbon metabolism
• Inborn errors of metabolism

🧬 Unit 8: Nucleotide Metabolism
• Purine & pyrimidine structure
• De novo synthesis pathways
• Salvage pathways
• Catabolism & disorders
• Antimetabolites & cancer therapy

🔄 Unit 9: Integration & Regulation of Metabolism
• Metabolic homeostasis
• Liver, muscle, & brain metabolism
• Fed, fasting, & starvation states
• Integration in metabolic diseases

🔴 Unit 10: Bioenergetics & Redox Balance
• ATP yield calculations
• Redox couples & oxidative stress
• Steady-state vs equilibrium
• Metabolic control analysis
• Flux control & elasticity
• Mitochondrial dysfunction

🩺 Unit 11: Metabolism in Health and Disease
• Metabolic syndrome & diabetes
• Inherited metabolic disorders
• Tumor metabolism
• Drug targeting

💻 Unit 12: Experimental & Computational Tools
• Enzyme assays & isotope tracing
• Metabolomics techniques
• Imaging & systems biology

This app is inspired by the authors:
David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox, Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Jeremy M. Berg, Lubert Stryer, Albert L. Lehninger, Harper W. Montgomery

📲 Download Metabolic Pathways (2026–2027 Edition) to gain a deep, integrated understanding of metabolism, bioenergetics, enzymology, & regulatory networks essential for modern biochemical sciences.