Before independence, the Indonesian state felt the bitterness of occupation by several foreign countries. Starting from the Portuguese who first arrived in Malacca in 1509. The Portuguese succeeded in taking control of Malacca on August 10, 1511 led by Alfonso de Albuquerque.

other applications:
complete history of Indonesian independence
history of the struggle of the Indonesian nation to achieve independence
history of Indonesian independence from beginning to end
a brief history of Indonesian independence

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