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When to Teach What:
A guide for teaching your toddler colors, shapes and numbers
Now, here are general guidelines of when (and a little bit on how) to teach colors, shapes;

Colors:
18 months is the generally accepted age for teaching colors. Some kids learn their colors sooner and some learn them later. As a general rule of thumb, 18 months – 2 ½ is a great age for specifically teaching colors.

You should always be reviewing colors with your child though, all the way up to kindergarten. Also, be sure to use the color words both before and after the noun (this is a blue pen, this pen is blue). It is important to use the color word both ways so your child can better understand the concept of color.

Shapes:
2 years old is a great age for teaching shapes. Start by identifying the shapes you see in the world around you. Your child should have a basic understanding of shapes by 2 ½ years old and should be able to identify many shapes by the time he is 3.

Start by teaching the basic shapes (square, circle, rectangle, triangle), then continue to more advanced shapes (oval, star, heart, diamond).

Numbers:
3 is a pretty good age to teach numbers. I generally like to introduce letters first and then introduce numbers a little later. I think this helps your child understand that numbers are different from letters.

Why Learning Shapes & Colors is So Important

It’s a thrill to witness your little one point to a firetruck and say wed! (aka red), or hold a puzzle piece and try to articulate the word “triangle.” But learning colors and shapes isn’t just exciting (and adorable); it’s a foundation for several important things to come.

How Learning Colors and Shapes Lays the Groundwork for Other Skills
Learning colors and shapes helps your little one:

Understand math. When your little one plays with nesting objects, builds with blocks and works on puzzles, she’s doing her first geometry lessons. These and other shape activities teach her about geometric concepts including shape, size, space and position. This learning prepares your little one for school, where she’ll be working on increasingly sophisticated geometrical tasks.

Shape learning also lends itself to early counting as little ones discover that triangles have three sides, squares have four, and so on.

Sort and categorize. Learning shapes and colors teaches children to think about attributes of objects and make observations about similarities and differences. This is a form of early math, and also helps to develop the logical thinking.
Learn letters and numbers. What do you see when you look at the letters A, O or W? Or the numbers 0, 3 or 7? That’s right, shapes. When your little one learns about circles, triangles and squares, it sets her up for recognizing letters and numbers in the (not so distant) future. And when she learns to draw shapes, it prepares her for writing them. What’s more, shape games involving patterns help develop pre-reading skills.
Use descriptive vocabulary. Shapes and colors quickly become mainstays in your child’s language toolbox, allowing her to express what she sees (I see a yellow flower), what she wants (I want the square cookie), and ideas she has (I can put the triangle block on top of the square block). Receptive language skills, like following directions, also often rely on this vocabulary (please pass me the green crayon).
Use visual discrimination. The world is made up of shapes and colors. Once your child starts associating them with familiar objects, it helps her efficiently scan her environment by filtering out unnecessary information. If she’s looking for a banana in a basket of toy fruits, for example, she can find it quickly by ignoring everything that isn’t yellow.