It is traditionally considered to have been written by Enoch himself, who, according to biblical narratives, was a righteous man taken up to heaven by God. The book is a composite work, consisting of several sections or "books," each attributed to Enoch.

One of the central sections, known as the "Book of the Watchers" (1 Enoch 1–36), describes fallen angels who descended to Earth, cohabited with human women, and taught forbidden knowledge. The book also contains ethical teachings, discussions on astronomy and cosmology, and predictions of a coming judgment. Some of its themes parallel ideas found in other ancient Jewish and Christian texts.

While the Book of Enoch is not considered canonical by most Jewish or Christian traditions, it has had a significant impact on religious thought. It is particularly notable for its influence on early Christian writers and the development of certain theological concepts. Though excluded from the biblical canon, the Book of Enoch has survived in various manuscripts and translations, attesting to its enduring significance and scholarly interest.